Which aspect of learning is directly related to how well knowledge is remembered over time?

Retention is the aspect of learning that specifically refers to the ability to remember information over time. It involves the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information, which are crucial for maintaining knowledge in long-term memory. Effective retention means that individuals can recall information and apply it when needed, which is essential for mastery of a subject.

While transfer pertains to applying learned knowledge in new contexts, application focuses on implementing knowledge in practical situations, and motivation deals with the desire to learn or engage in a task, none of these directly measure the durability of knowledge recall over time. Therefore, retention is the key concept when discussing the lasting memory of learned information.